Classical and Operant Conditioning Essay - 1000 Words

While many people may believe that learning is just a natural response that all animals are capable of, there is actually a more complex explanation on how we learn the things we do in order to survive in the world. Classical conditioning and operant conditioning are both basic forms of learning, they have the word conditioning in common. Conditioning is the acquisition of specific patterns of behavior in the presence of well-defined stimuli. Classical conditioning is a type of learning in which an organism learns to transfer a natural response from one stimulus to another, previously neutral stimulus. Classical conditioning is achieved by manipulating reflexes. Operant conditioning is a type of learning in which the likelihood of a†¦show more content†¦Organisms will be inclined to comply to the desired response if they are rewarded for doing so. If an organism is punished for a certain behavior they will not risk the same punishment recurring. In operant conditioning, it is possible to strengthen responses by either presenting positive reinforcement or by the removal of negative reinforces. New responses can be learned by organisms by gradually reinforcing closer and closer approximations of the desired response (Weiten p. 238). This is what is meant by shaping, It is the gradual use of reinforcement until the desired response has been reached. Reinforcement is the main contributing factor in operant conditioning. There is more than one way to go about establishing reinforcement, if a delay occurs between the response and the reinforcement the response may not become strengthened. It is likely that if the reinforcement occurs immediately after the response that there will be a definite strengthening of the response. Continuous reinforcement is when reinforcement occurs at every instance of the desired response. Intermittent reinforcement occurs when a response is reinforced some of the time. The different schedules of reinforcement influence patterns of response. Intermittent schedules offer greater resistance to extinction than continuous schedules.Show MoreRelatedClassical Conditioning And Operant Conditioning1204 Words   |  5 Pagesknown as classical conditioning and operant conditioning. These forms of learning are very practical and can be seen and used in everyday life. Classical and operant conditioning are differ ent forms of learning which have importance in everyday life and can be found in advertising, PTSD, and even lifestyle changes. To fully understand the importance of classical and operant conditioning, it is important to first understand what they are and how they are different. Classical conditioningRead MoreClassical Conditioning And Operant Conditioning1492 Words   |  6 Pages To expand upon the concepts of the two forms of conditioning listed above, three additional principals not previously listed for the sake of convenience are present in both forms of conditioning; these three principals-extinction, spontaneous recovery, and stimulus discrimination-are among the number of basic principals of conditioning that are found in most forms of conditioning. To explain, Extinction refers to the process by which the steady weakening or diminishment of a conditioned responseRead MoreClassical Conditioning And Operant Conditioning1249 Words   |  5 Pagestwo stimuli or a behavior and a learned stimulus. Associative learning is divided in to two central techniques, classical conditioning and operant condition. Classical and operant conditioning are basic methods of learning and conditioning is used to adapt a behavior or association through a stimuli or consequence (Ciccarelli, 2012). While classical conditioning and operant conditioning are key elements in associative learning, they have significant differences. A clear contrast between the two theoriesRead MoreClassical Conditioning And Operant Conditioning1693 Words   |  7 Pagesexamples of their work, as well as an exploration into the advantages and disadvantages that some of these approaches possess. Behaviourism is a theory of learning based upon the idea that all behaviours are attained through conditioning. Behaviourists believe conditioning occurs when we interact with the environment and that the environment we are in determines the way we respond to a stimulus. The behaviourist approach believes we learn behaviours through association between response and consequenceRead MoreClassical Conditioning And Operant Conditioning913 Words   |  4 PagesClassical Conditioning and Operant Conditioning There are two learning processes that are used, classical condition and operant conditioning. One learning process used is classical conditioning. Classical conditioning is a learning process in which a neutral stimulus becomes associated with a meaningful stimulus and acquires the capacity to elicit a similar response. I found two TV commercials that are excellent examples for classical conditioning. The first commercial I found is an Old Spice commercialRead MoreClassical Conditioning And Operant Conditioning1146 Words   |  5 Pageslearning is known as conditioning. Conditioning stresses the relationship between stimuli and responses. The two types of conditioning found are Classical conditioning and Operant conditioning. As stated before, learning may occur in different ways but Classical and Operant conditioning are two of several theories on learning which take the behaviorist approach. â€Å"Classical conditioning is an association of one event with another that results in a pattern of behavior.† Operant conditioning however, is â€Å"learningRead MoreClassical Conditioning And Operant Conditioning883 Words   |  4 Pagesexperiments conducted by Ivan Pavlov, B.F Skinner, and various others, our learning process can be--and normally is--significantly influenced by the social and physical world around us. Two particular examples of this are classical conditioning and operant conditioning. â€Å"Classical conditioning occurs when a natural stimulus produces a response after being paired with a stimulus that naturally produces a response† (Schacter). For example, in horror movies suspenseful music tends to precede dramatic eventsRead MoreClassical Conditioning And Operant Conditioning959 Words   |  4 Pagesthrough the experience of something. Two important associative learning styles that I learned that grasped my attention are classical conditioning and operant conditioning. These forms of learning are used everyday, and with that, peo ple can categorize their certain behavior into places in which they fall in. The first type of associative learning is classical conditioning, which was discovered by Ivan Pavlov during an experiment. It is a learning process where a neutral stimulus becomes associatedRead MoreClassical Conditioning and Operant Conditioning1189 Words   |  5 Pagessimilarities between Classical conditioning and Operant conditioning? Many people believe that Classical and Operant are similar. Several people don’t know what the similarities and differences of Classical and Operant are, several people think it is the same learning method, which in this case I’m going to compare and contrast each behavior and give you information about each one, so you could have a better understanding of each method and what they do. Classical and Operant are very similar to eachRead MoreBehaviorism And Classical Conditioning And Operant Conditioning Essay1504 Words   |  7 Pagesfounders of the theory who are John B. Watson and B. F. Skinner. However, the information will foc us more on their early education and known achievements. Furthermore, you will find different theories regarding behaviorism such as classical conditioning and operant conditioning. In order to understand the difference and similarities between the two of them examples have been provided. To fully comprehend in what Behaviorism consists of, modern applications examples of the theory have been also included

Comparing Nietzsche s Vision Of Geothe - 2856 Words

Many philosophers, throughout centuries of human existence, have deciphered, or at least attempted tried to cast some light on to, our purpose. Consulting their findings could give several answers on whether we should live to maximize our pleasure, minimize our pain, avoid frustration or achieve greatness. In my own considerations, though, sorting through the tumultuous noise and clutter of the world around me for the some obscured or hidden meaning was not necessary. To me, the noise and clutter is the meaning. I do not live for what is hidden; I live for what is all around me. My experiences are not tools that assist me in find some truth. Rather, they are the truth. In other words the Good in my life is, in fact, life in its entirety.†¦show more content†¦1). Robert Kennedy warned against the pursuit of more in a 1968 campaign speech, stating, â€Å"we will find neither national purpose or personal satisfaction in the mere continuation of economic progress, in endless am assing of worldly goods†¦The gross national product includes the destruction of the redwoods and the death of Lake Superior† (as cited in De Graaf, Wann, Naylor, 2014, p. 128). The gross national product is a flawed way of measuring the success of the economy because it does not consider the harms and benefits of production; it measures growth for growth’s sake. In the same vein, the success of my personal life could not be measured by quantity alone. Endlessly seeking more stuff would actively impede me in many ways. It could put me in debt and hold me back from doing the things I truly want to do. It would also be detrimental to society. Overconsumption is not just an ill-advise way to seek fulfillment, it actively hurts others and the world we share. The authors of Affluenza advocate mindfulness in consumption, recommending we pay â€Å"full attention to the real benefits and costs of our purchases, remembering the best things in life aren’t things† (Graaf, Wann, Naylor, 2014, p. 10). They a simpler life, devoid of too many unnecessary material products, has more benefits and less restraints than an elaborate and lavish lifestyle. Material

Techology Review Free Essays

Technology Review Create a list of five educational games website: 1. Pbskids. org 2. We will write a custom essay sample on Techology Review or any similar topic only for you Order Now Starfall. com 3. Ixl. com 4. FunBrain. com 5. abcmouse. com www. Ixl. com- IXL make math practices fun and motivate students through interactive games and practice questions. Widely recognized as the Web’s most comprehensive math site, IXL offers a dynamic and enjoyable environment for children to practice math. Students who use IXL are succeeding like never before. With that said, this website allow teachers and parents to create accounts for their students, track their progress, and view a rich assortment of reports showing them just how their students are improving. It also enables students to correct their mistakes and master math concepts easily. With little training, it is very easy to use and manipulate. For a teacher and thirty students to have unlimited access to this educational Web-based technology for the whole year, the school or teacher must pay $199. This technology provides an excellent technical support. It is readily available at any point and time of day; twenty-four seven of the day. Many teachers have testify that this web-based technology help students to be stimulated, engaged, enthusiastic about math and reduces frustration out of math because it gives students the opportunity to practice at his or her own pace and keep them focused. www. FunBrain. com- Teachers can use or customize over 40,000 ready-made quizzes for all ages and grade levels, track student and class progress daily with instant analysis, and assign FunBrain games that build skills and correlate to national testing standards. Teachers can confidently encourage students to use Funbrain in the classroom during their free time, assured that kids will enjoy an educational, safe online learning experience. Funbrain’s games help students build on what they have learned in class and acquire new skills in reading, math, and problem solving. Funbrain to delivers an easy, fun and safe experience for even the youngest children. It introduces preschoolers to the Internet and teaches them how to manipulate the mouse and keyboard. Funbrain is free of cost to students but teachers ought to pay $39. 95 membership fee yearly to have full access. This technology is available to teachers twenty four seven but I think students have access to it only at school. This personalized to help students of all ages take control of their learning and make it part of their everyday lives. www. Starfall. com- The Starfall reading program is designed to be fun, exciting, and to instill confidence in young children as they learn to read. This web-based technology provides clear and effective tools to help teachers implement proven teaching methods. The Starfall Website is easy for students to navigate independently, but it is not intended as a surrogate for the teacher. Starfall employs the computer to develop feelings of wonderment and play, not rote assessment. The activities, songs and books complement your classroom by creating an atmosphere of fun and enthusiasm that infuses all aspects of learning. This site is available to teachers and students twenty four seven and it’s free of charge. Technology Review1 Technology Review Joyce A. Sama EDU225: Instructional Technology January 18, 2012 Professor Tisha Faulkner – Grant Technology Review2 Starfall. com is a web based resource technology that can easily be integrated into most k-2 classrooms to enhance students’ language and literacy skills which can increase student learning. Starfall includes alphabet knowledge, cvc readers, emergent readers and seasonal interactive activities. The format is engaging and student-user friendly. Here are two ays Starfall could be integrated into the classroom setting. The teacher could use the projected on the Interactive white board during a whole group review or at the student’s computer centers when reviewing literacy skills. To use Starfall technology within the classroom, the teacher would need an internet connection and a computer or two. This is a free resource, all teacher may need is a projector, lap top and interactive white board for whole group activiti es and classroom computers or computer lab for the students to use independently. A teacher must also book mark Starfall by adding it on the computers toolbar. The bookmark has the words Starfall and an image of a star making it super easy to teach students what bookmark to click on to access Starfall. Starfall is making teaching more effective through the combination of educational games, online stories, and songs which is meeting the needs of those who are lacking in many areas with a fun and interesting activities. Technology Review3 There are three ways a teacher could integrate IXL into the classroom. One way is to [pic]take the work out of homework. This is what the teacher will have to do. For homework assignments, she could have the class work on IXL skills from their home. She must pick out skills that correspond to your lesson for the day, and then have the students reinforce their understanding of those skills on IXL. The next day, use IXL’s reporting suite to make sure that all the students completed their assignments, and to see how well they did! Another strategy she could use is to pair up IXL with the electronic whiteboard. IXL technology is compatible with all electronic whiteboards, so project the site onto your classroom e-board to involve the entire class. The teacher could have the students answer questions in turn, or even make a competition out of it. With this integration the students will be excited to show you the teacher what they’ve learned on IXL. The last way IXL could be integrated into the classroom is by making the most of the class lab time. Since IXL is accessible from anywhere, it’s the perfect way to make sure the students are learning valuable skills in the computer lab. Give the kids some IXL topics to work on, and be ready to marvel at how much fun they have earning medals and awards for mastering skills. Plus, the lab is one place you’ll be happy to have real-time progress updates as you are using IXL’s reporting suite to make sure everyone stays on task. Technology Review4 Here are few ways FunBrain. com could be integrated into classroom. One ways is the teacher setting up a learning center with the Smart Boards. Because Smart Boards are touchable, it gives student the opportunity to touch them with special markers and the screen respond. This versatile tool allows a wide range of teaching and learning option in the classroom. Funbrain. com could be projected on smart board so that the children can play math or language art games from the website. The teacher could use the FunBrain web-based technology to quiz students individually on a classroom desktop computer as a formative or summative assessment. Teachers could also use the FunBrain flashcard game as a review tool for the entire classroom. FunBrain. om also have an online activity called â€Å"Pain by Idioms† that provides examples of idioms which asks students to determine the real meaning of the phrases. Teachers could use this tool as a formative assessment to determine which students have mastered this skill. Another activity I found online that a teacher could integrate into her classroom is the activity called â€Å"Figurative Language Skits. The game is started by a student picking a card from deck of figurative language cards that has been design ed by the teacher, and must act out the word on the card until someone guesses the answer. For example, a student could act out running as fast as lightening or ducking cats and dogs as it rains. This activity appeals to spatial, verbal, interpersonal and kinesthetic learners, targeting different students who learn information in varying ways. Technology Review5 Reference www. Starfall. com/Aboutus Company Information. www. IXL. com http://www. ixl. com/membership/school/integration Facts about Us. www. FunBrain. com How to Integrate IXL into the Classroom. www. edutechlife. com Integrating FunBrain. www. eHow. com How to cite Techology Review, Papers

Principles of Marketing

Question: Discuss about the services provide by Blank Page. Blank Page is a training institute in Australia and is functioning over a period of seven years. The institute mainly gives training to the individuals and corporate. Answer: 1.0Introduction The blank page is a training institute which trains individuals in software skills and soft skills. The organization usually gives training to the corporate and in educational sectors. The organization also helps young individuals to crack interview processes. The organization was set up in Australia in the year 2008 (Blankpage.net.au 2016). The founder of Blank Page is Mr. Anton Porteus. He has been in the field of training industry since 1997 (Blankpage.net.au 2016). The training institute has expertise trainers who have experience of more than eighteen years. The organization is specialized in training software applications like Microsoft packages, Adobe packages, HTML, graphics design and soft skills. It is a home based Institute and is trying to promote its products through marketing. Marketing is essential in the 21st century because it will help the organization to communicate with its target customer. Moreover, a proper marketing strategy will also help the organization to ha ve a competitive advantage over other competitors. The objective of the organization is to be among the top ten training institutes in Australia. The researcher has thoroughly discussed the different marketing strategies which will help the institute to progress at a quick space in the future and reach its goal. 2.0 Objectives of Marketing Plan According to Adam, Denize and Kotler (2015), a marketing plan is a blueprint which helps an organization to know about the marketing procedures of the organization in the future. It also helps to set up the organizations marketing and strategic actions. Marketing mix strategies, target customers and probable marketing strategies are also clearly defined in a marketing plan. The marketing plan includes historical data, future predictions and strategies to achieve the goal of the organization. According to Asllani and Halstead (2015), objectives of the marketing plan are to identify the needs of the customer through market research and how the organization can meet the demands. In Australia, a number of corporate and training educations are established. The organizations need human resources, who are acquainted with the knowledge of latest softwares which are used in the industries (Arora 2013). Blank page meets this requirement by training the young graduates and make them ready for the organization. The marketing plan also said as a process which helps a company to achieve its goals. Marketing objective also helps to determine the strength and weakness of the organization. Along with strength and weakness marketing plan supports in finding out different actions. They are the budget, control and the goals of the organization. Specific marketing trend is also selected by the marketing plan (Babin et al. 2014). To give training to young graduates To be the top training institute in Australia To be a brand in the field of training and soft skill development 3.0 Positioning strategy of business and brand Positioning is defined as the place which a product or service holds in a market. Positioning helps a product or service to differentiate from its competitors. According to Dahl, Eagle and Low (2015), positioning is the action by which the image of the organization is set up in the mind of the target customers. This can be done by mentioning the features and benefits of the product or service. Blank Page is a training institute and provides different types of training. This helps an individual to get a job. On the other hand, organizations are also benefited by getting well trained human resources. In universities Training in corporate house Training in seminars 4.0 Product The blank page has given importance to the need and requirement of the individual and large enterprises to develop its product. The blank page is mainly a service providing organization. According to Entezari, Karimi and Kianfar (2014), a favourable market is established by Blank Page with the services they provide. The organization mainly gives training on Microsoft packages, graphic design and HTML. One new branch of training is also launched, in which blank page will train on Java and Android software. The employees of the organization are always trying to increase their level of service. The training session is divided into three different categories of individual one for the beginners, one for the professional and one for the corporate. In the case of beginners, the individuals are trained in a group of thirty and special care is taken to each. In professionals group, the primary focus of the organization is to teach about the latest softwares which are required in the software industry. On the other hand, while training the corporate, the schedule is followed as decided by the corporate clients. According to Lee, Kozlenkova and Palmatier (2015), this procedure has helped the organization to attract a different level of clients according to their requirement. Special training is also launched by Blank page in which the organization will train people over the internet with the help of special training module. This will be mainly for those individuals who are busy and can learn over the internet. There are seven different sections in this online training. On the end of each section, a questionnaire will come. The candidate can only go to the next section when the candidate correctly answers sixty percentage of the questionnaire set (Levy 2012). 5.0 Distribution Channel Distribution is an important strategy for any product or service. Distribution helps a product to reach its customer in an efficient manner. Blank Page takes help of direct channels to contact their customers (Luke 2013) directly. The organization has a knowledgeable sales team with a good network. The sales team visit different companies and educational institutes. There they give a demo of their projects and also gather the information about the requirement of the clients. Feedback from the present customers also helps them to collect information and act accordingly. According to Mousavian, Kheiry and Mirabi (2014), technology also has helped the organization in distributing their services. Details of the training along with time duration are posted on the website of the organization. These have helped the clients to get information about their services. Along with these, a new app has also been launched by Blank page to attract different customers. Newspaper, messaging and mail or ders are also important attract the attention of different customer (Rad et al. 2014). According to Scott (2013), Blank page has also signed an agreement with various colleges in Australia like Box Hill Institute of TAFE and Australian Catholic University to promote their service. Various seminars and workshops organized by Blank page have helped the training institute to promote its services. Agents like coaching institutes have also helped Blank page to spread information about their services (Talpau 2014). Collaboration with giant software companies like Computershare and Reckon has also promoted the distribution channel of Blank page. 6.0 Pricing Strategy According to Heidt and Quazi (2013), pricing strategy is one of the most important strategies for any service or product. Price is an important determinant which determines the success and failure of any service or product or business. Blank page sells their service to different categories of individuals at a different price. Blank Page has used market penetration pricing strategy to beat their competitors. The main aim of the organization is to educate individuals with different knowledge of software at a reasonable price (Wu et al. 2015). Blank page, however, follow different pricing strategy for three different sectors of customers. The organization has kept the price of the training relatively low for the individuals who are beginners. Blank page charges only 400 Australian dollars for the beginner level (Blankpage.net.au 2016). During this period, they will be trained for 30 hours. On the other hand in case of expert level Blank page charges 1000 Australian dollar for 40 hours ( Blankpage.net.au 2016). However in the case of corporate training, the price varies depending on the requirement of the corporate. The blank page has also kept a low price for the individual who will learn in their online mode of training. It has also been found that the price range of the Blank Page is competitive on its competitor engineering training institute Australia (Rad et al. 2014). 7.0 Communication Strategy According to Entezari, Karimi and Kianfar (2014), communication helps any product or service to create brand awareness in the relevant market. Marketing communication is a tool which provides any message of the organization to the desired clients. Blank pages use communication strategy to give information to the customers about their product and service. It also helps the training institute to retain its existing customers. According to Mousavian, Kheiry and Mirabi (2014), Blank page have a clear picture of the requirement of the customers and have given service accordingly. This has helped the organization to create a clear communication with the clients. The blank page has the potential to make the human resources ready for the required target market. This has been a great achievement for the organization to communicate with the clients properly. The logo and slogan of an organization is an important tool to give clear information about their activity to the target customer. Accord ing to Adam, Denize and Kotler (2015), Blank page has an objective to be the best training institute in Australia. So the organization is coming out with a new slogan Be the Best. The brand voice action also helps the Institute to communicate its message clearly with the target customers. The marketing mix is another tool with the help of which the training institute Blank page can communicate its message to the individuals. Technology has been a blessing in the recent century. Facebook and Twitter have also been used by Blank Page to communicate its message to the customers (Luke 2013). 8.0 Schedule to implement the strategy According to Entezari, Karimi and Kianfar (2014), marketing in the 21st century is important to strive in a competitive market. Marketing has to be carried out throughout the year to achieve an organization's target. The researcher has given tweleve-month marketing activities of Blank page. During these twelve months, Blank Page should promote its product through advertising in television, debates and cultural functions. The Internet is a valuable tool which will help Blank Page to communicate with the customers quickly. Advertising through Hoardings and flex in colleges and coaching centers will also give Blank Page a competitive edge. Here is the action plan of Blank page to achieve its competitive advantages. Actions Month 1 Month 2 Month 3 Month 4 Month 5 Month 6 Month 7 Month 8 Month 9 Month 10 Month 11 Month 12 Set up phase Premise Staffing Equipment Development phase Curriculum Material for business Test phase Support team Alternative processes Marketing phase Campaign Advertisement Positioning Pricing Table 1: Action plan for Blank Page After implementing the action plan, Blank page needs to control the plan in an effective way to achieve its short term goal. The training institute also needs to understand the different issues which are related to modern day training and act accordingly (Babin et al. 2014). Customer satisfaction is also another factor which will help Blank Page to implement different strategies properly. 9.0 Budget The budget of the Blank page is created by assumption created by the author. This budget is based on the financial year 2016-17. The blank page is a mid-level training institute in Australia on market share and revenue. The budget is completely done on Assumption basis. Primary Category Secondary Category Quantity Estimated Cost Research Web Research 2 $400 Research Independent Research 1 $1,000 Research Other research 4 $500 Research Promotional 5 $9,000 Communications Radio 1 $10,000 Communications Web 2 $20,000 Communications Internet 3 $8,000 Networking Membership 54 $7,800 Networking Affiliation 21 $8,000 Networking Subscription 10 $500 Event Meal 2 $400 Event Tax 1 $820 Event Other services 1 $780 Total =$77200 Table2: Budget of Blank Page 10.0 Conclusion Researcher has thoroughly discussed about the services provide by Blank Page. Blank Page is a training institute in Australia and is functioning over a period of seven years. The institute mainly gives training to the individuals and corporate. The objective of the organization is to be the best training institute in Australia within a short period of time. The organization have to take help of different distribution channel to promote its services, Internet and technology have also helped the promotion of the organization. The pricing strategy of the organization is also well placed to attract the different type of customers. The researcher has also discussed the budget of the organization which shows a positive indication. References Adam, S., Denize, S.M. and Kotler, P. 2015,Principles of marketing,6e. edn, Pearson Australia, Melbourne, VIC. Arora, A.P. 2013, "Marketing Management",Vision: The Journal of Business Perspective,vol. 17, no. 1, pp. 99-99. Asllani, A. and Halstead, D. 2015, "A MULTI-OBJECTIVE OPTIMIZATION APPROACH USING THE RFM MODEL IN DIRECT MARKETING",Academy of Marketing Studies Journal,vol. 19, no. 2, pp. 65. Babin, B.J., D'Alessandro, S., Lowe, B. and Winzar, H. 2014,Marketing research,Asia-Pacific 3. edn, Cengage Learning, South Melbourne, Victoria. Blankpage.net.au. (2016).Home | Blank Page | Microsoft Training, Adobe Training, Consulting and Courseware. [online] Available at: https://www.blankpage.net.au/ [Accessed 19 May 2016]. Dahl, S., Eagle, L. and Low, D. 2015, "Integrated marketing communications and social marketing: Together for the common good?",Journal of Social Marketing,vol. 5, no. 3, pp. 226. Entezari, A.R., Karimi, B. and Kianfar, F. 2014, "Optimal production control and marketing plan in two-machine unreliable flexible manufacturing systems",The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology,vol. 73, no. 1, pp. 487-496. Lee, J., Kozlenkova, I.V. and Palmatier, R.W. 2015, "Structural marketing: using organizational structure to achieve marketing objectives",Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science,vol. 43, no. 1, pp. 73-99. Levy, S.J. 2012, "Marketing management and marketing research",Journal of Marketing Management,vol. 28, no. 1, pp. 8-13. Luke, K. 2013, "5 Steps to a New Marketing Plan",Journal of Financial Planning,vol. 26, no. 12, pp. 20. Mousavian, I., Kheiry, B. and Mirabi, V. 2014, "Survey on Impact of Public push on Sustainability marketing mix and Sustainability marketing mix on Sustainability marketing success",New Marketing Research Journal,vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 194-173. Rad, H.S., Akbari, Z., Ghorabi, M. and Motevaselian, M. 2014, "The Role of Brand and Advertising in Marketing Mix (A Review of Marketing Mix)",Interdisciplinary Journal of Contemporary Research In Business,vol. 6, no. 7, pp. 114. Scott, D.M. 2013,The new rules of marketing and PR: how to use social media, online video, mobile applications, blogs, news releases, and viral marketing to reach buyers directly,4th edn, John Wiley Sons, Hoboken, New Jersey;Hoboken, N.J;. Talpau, A. 2014, "The marketing mix in the online environment",Bulletin of the Transilvania University of Brasov. Economic Sciences. Series V,vol. 7, no. 2, pp. 53-58. Tania von der Heidt and Quazi, A. 2013, "Enhancing learning-centeredness in marketing principles curriculum",Australasian Marketing Journal,vol. 21, no. 4, pp. 250. Wu, J., Wen, N., Dou, W. and Chen, J. 2015, "Exploring the effectiveness of consumer creativity in online marketing communications",European Journal of Marketing,vol. 49, no. 1/2, pp. 262-276. Principles of Marketing Questions: 1.Justify and discuss the selection of two key Micro Environment and two key macro environment elements that are likely to affect the business referred to in this case? 2.Describe how the market for the product category of the business referred to in this case might have been segmented by this business? 3.Which elements of the extended market mix (i.e. all 7 elements) have been carefully managed by the business referred to in this case, and suggest one marketing mix element that might be better managed to deliver customer value, justifying your answer? Answers: Introduction Marketing and Distribution has evolved over the years and have crossed leaps and bounds to make a business popular across different geographic regions. Correctly marketed products can help the business in gaining market share in any region (Kotler, 2010). It also helps the company to establish its brand and focus on expanding the business over other territories. Distribution plays a key role over the success of the business. Correct logistics strategies helping in cutting down costs and thereby adding to the margins of the company. Thus, focused marketing coupled with strategic distribution plays the key role in the success of any product based company. This case is related to business which started the product for home use and later seeing the popularity, decided to launch it in commercial space. Leanne Preston started the product Quit Nits as a tool to remove head lice for her own child and then went on to commercialize it across Australia. Soon after receiving wide popularity in Australia, she focused towards international expansion with UK being the first region to explore. IN the meantime, she had started other naturally synthesized products like sunscreens, baby washes etc. under the parent Brand name Wild Child. After UK, she expanded the business to US and now have substantial market shares in head lice products in these markets (Mller, 1987). 1. Macro environment and micro environment factors play a very role in the development of any business. The macro environment factors or elements are the external elements which may have impacts on any organizations decision making. These cannot be controlled by the business. These may include demographics, legal factors, economic elements, social elements, technological changes etc. (Ginter, 1990). On the other hand, micro environmental elements are the ones present within the business area of operations and can have an impact on the daily operations and decision making of the business. These include the entire supply chain starting with suppliers, distribution channels, customers, competitors etc. Leanne Preston started her work on the product by hit and trial method for her own children. She got the inspiration when she saw that the products related to head lice removal were containing toxins and may be harmful for the children. She then decided to get a cure which will be home grown and free of any kind to toxins. Success in home procedure urged her to launch nationally and later internationally under the parent brand Wild Child. Strategic execution of techniques related to Macro Environmental factors have played a crucial role in the success of Wild Child in Australia and internationally. Demographics is one such macro environmental elements which needs to be studied carefully before trying to target a market either nationally or internationally (Coughlan, 2001). Leanne did her study on this part thoroughly. She learned that head lice removal product is being used by people right from birth till death. Each person faces the issue of head lice sometime during their life. Children are more prone to head lice. So, manufacturing of an organic head lice removal product would surely attract customers. This got her to work harder and rewarded her with success. Another macro environmental factor, Legal factors have a very important role to play in case the business is thinking to go international (Kotler, 1969). Leanne leant about the legal procedures which a pharma related product needs to follow while entering US and UK markets. She tied up with best-selling pharmaceutical stores in both US and UK to mark the Quit Nits presence in the both the regions. Pharma sector is very closely monitored for legal violations and Leanne didnt want to give the officials any reason to deprive her with such a great market (Smith, 2001). Customers are the ones which can make a product, a huge success. They must be provided with the value which can take the products to new heights. Leanne banked upon it when she launched her Organic Head Lice removal product Quit Nits. She wanted to make her customers happy and satisfied with an organic product. Developing a wide customer base is important to for any business to take on to external forces and later to launch in various other regions (Kotabe, 1998). When a business should look towards satisfying it customers by providing value to them, in the meantime, the business should also focus on staying on top of competition. The core competency of Leanne was the organic product and apart from the ingredients, everything else was secondary. A good business should always focus on the core competency. Leanne also did the same. She entered UK by partnering with Boots which resulting in wiping out competition from the largest manufacturer and seller of head lice product in UK. In US , as well, the same was done by partnering with another major pharmaceutical store. 2. Market Positioning Segmenting is a very important step for marketing a product. The segmentation of the market refers to lot of brainstorming activities which is needed to find out the potential market segments which the business should target (Soares, 2007). Customers market need to be segmented based on their age, caste, culture etc. The Product in the case is a Head Lice Removal product. It is used by people of all the ages. However, children are more prone to head lice. Thus, proper care is required for the children. The product need to be segmented based on the age groups and then smaller modifications need to be brought in the composition to suit all kind of age groups. For this product, demographics will be the one which will serve as the base for the segmentation. The segmentation will help the product to properly target the market and build a name for its brand in the market. Thus, the national as well the international market could be targeted effectively after strategic segmentation (Kent, 2 007). Describe the segments of this market targeted by the businesses. As discussed in the above section, the segmentation of the market refers to lot of brainstorming activities which is needed to find out the potential market segments which the business should target (Huang, 2014). The product need to be segmented based on the age groups and then smaller modifications need to be brought in the composition to suit all kind of age groups. For this product, demographics will be the one which will serve as the base for the segmentation. One of the segment will now be based on the age group as discussed above. Children will be the primary segment in this and adults the secondary. Apart from the age group, the product will be segmented in the Organic/Natural product category. Since, the product Quit Nits is free from any poisonous material, it will be put up with the Organic tag so that it will attract more customers. Generally, people are more attracted towards the product which offer them value without any kind of side effects which can be harmful for the m and their children. Thus, the segmentation as a natural product might be successful for the business. Explain the positioning of the business in the market for its product/service. Before the positioning of any product in the market, it first needs to be targeted successfully. The Targeting refers to the promotion of the product in different segments in a different manner (Assael, 1984). The campaign will focus on the targeting of different segmentations in different ways. Once, the targeting phase is completed then positioning will begin. Positioning means the aligning of the product or the brand in the target market. The main objective is to provide the customers with core values which they seek in the form of a product. Quit Nits will be positioned as an organic and all Natural product which is free from any toxin and is equally effective in removal of Head Lice. This innovative and cutting edge advancement over the competitors will help the business to create a position for itself in the market (Tian-yuan, 2001). 3. Marketing mix is a mix of certain elements of marketing which helps in launching a product in a successful manner (Borden, 1964). These basically include Product, Price, Place and Promotion. However, later Extended marketing mix was developed to bring in some more elements into the focus which also have an equally important impact during the launch of the product. The extended marketing mix includes Product, Price, Place, Promotion, People, Process and Physical Evidence (Goi, 2015). The business in the case is a Head Lice Removal Product. The Product element of the marketing mix have been carefully researched and strategized in the case. The product has been prepared organically which will get enthusiasm from the markets and will also satisfy the customers by offering them the value which is required. The Place has been suitable selected by Leanne Preston. First, she launched the product in her native country Australia. Once it was popular in Australia, she expanded it to major markets like US and UK. The Place to launch the product is very essential for the success of any brand and its underlying products (Borden, 1964). Wild Child brand was successfully targeted to the markets of Australia, US and UK to cater to a wide market for the product related to Head Lice removal. Promotions are used to increase the brand awareness among the targeted customers (Kotler, 2010). People should be made aware about the upcoming product and some promotions like discount, offers etc. should be given so that the customers will try the new product (Vrontis, 2005). Leanne also gave away free samples to child care organizations, customers to increase the product awareness among the people. People element of the extended marketing mix involves the people working for the company (Grnroos, 1994). Right people need to be employed to get the maximum productivity out of them. Leanne also connected her business with Austrade which helped them in devising all strategies related to the expansion of the business nationally in Australia and internationally in US and UK. This partnership with Austrade proved to be very beneficial for Wild Child. One element of the extended marketing mix that Leanne Preston should have focused more was the Pricing of the product Quit Nits. The price of a product comes a deciding factor for many customers. Many customers belonging to different income group have different ways of purchasing the products. Some go for top notch quality irrespective of the price. Some settle for low quality product because of lesser price. However, most others will try to find a good quality product in the minimum price. So, Leanne should try to focus on a segment in which she should launch her product so that it could be beneficial in the long term. Thus, we have seen above that the extended marketing mix plays a very important role in the promotion and launching of a product. Every brand wants to launch its product in the favorable market place conditions at the best price by offering some promotions. Moreover, it should take right judgements on the people employed, processes executed and the physical presence of the brand. Conclusion Marketing helps in creating awareness of the brand among the consumers to increase the popularity of the product. It helps in leading the brand to be famous and the products to achieve success. In the above section, we have focused on the case of A Wild Child goes overseas in which Leanne Preston launched a product in native country Australia and then expanded to other countries like US and UK. We discussed various theoretical elements which impact the marketing process of the Wild Child. References Case Reference: Kaplan, M. 2008. Experts scratch heads. The Weekend Australian, 15-16 Assael, H., 1984. Consumer behavior and marketing action. Kent Pub. Co.. Borden, N.H., 1964. The concept of the marketing mix. Journal of advertising research, 4(2), pp.2-7. Coughlan, A.T., Anderson, E., Stern, L.W. and El-Ansary, A.I., 2001. Marketing channels (Vol. 6). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. Ginter, P.M. and Duncan, W.J., 1990. Macroenvironmental analysis for strategic management. Long Range Planning, 23(6), pp.91-100. Goi, C.L., 2015. Marketing Mix: A review of'P'. The Journal of Internet Banking and Commerce, 2005. Grnroos, C., 1994. From marketing mix to relationship marketing: towards a paradigm shift in marketing. Management decision, 32(2), pp.4-20. Huang, R. and Sarigll, E., 2014. How brand awareness relates to market outcome, brand equity, and the marketing mix. In Fashion Branding and Consumer Behaviors (pp. 113-132). Springer New York. Kent, R.A., 2007. Marketing Research: Approaches, methods and applications in Europe. London: Thomson Learning. Kotabe, M. and Helsen, K., 1998. Global marketing management. New York. Kotler, P. and Armstrong, G., 2010. Principles of marketing. pearson education. Kotler, P. and Levy, S.J., 1969. Broadening the concept of marketing. The Journal of Marketing, pp.10-15. Mller, K. and Anttila, M., 1987. Marketing capabilityA key success factor in small business?. Journal of marketing management, 3(2), pp.185-203. SAAD, E.M., 1995. Marketing management. Smith, G. and Hirst, A., 2001. Strategic political segmentation-A new approach for a new era of political marketing. European Journal of Marketing, 35(9/10), pp.1058-1073. Soares, A.M., Farhangmehr, M. and Shoham, A., 2007. Hofstede's dimensions of culture in international marketing studies. Journal of business research, 60(3), pp.277-284. Tian-yuan, L.I., 2001. Market Positioning or Image Positioning [J]. Tourism Tribune, 2, p.015. Vrontis, D. and Kitchen, P.J., 2005. Entry methods and international marketing decision making: an empirical investigation. International Journal of Business Studies, 13(1), p.87.

Alternative Sources of Energy

Introduction The world has been overly relying on oil as a source of energy to fuel most of its operations. It is important to note that as much as 80% of the world’s energy comes from fossil fuel. Unfortunately, the fossil deposits we have in the world cannot last forever. They will be depleted one day and cause a lot of problems in the world.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Alternative Sources of Energy specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Therefore, efforts should be made to ensure that other sources of energy are found so that when fossil fuel gets depleted the world does not come to a halt. In this regard, many people especially in the U.S. have been concerned with the steps that the government is taking towards encouraging development of other sources of energy. Consequently, the government has been urged to reduce restrictions impeding the development of renewable sources of energy and increase funding of the same. However, to address this issue, it is better to understand some of the sources renewable energy. Solar Power Among the proposed sources of power to be used is solar energy. Solar energy is a renewable source of energy because the sun has been there and can only be absent for a very short period of time. On the same note, harnessing of solar energy is noise proof which means that noise pollution is avoided when using solar power (Boxwell 58). Similarly, solar power is environmental friendly because it does not produce any form of pollution. In addition, equipments used in the production of solar power are cheap to maintain thus the long run cost of production is low. Moreover, it is easy and cheap to install appliances of solar power. Similarly, the electricity produced from solar energy can be used to power virtually every thing that uses power (Boxwell 59). It is also important to note that the production of solar power does not lead to environmental degradation like d igging up the ground or deforestation. However, solar power has its disadvantages. To begin with, some people have argued that the initial cost of installing solar power harnessing equipment is very high. Additionally, harnessing of solar power is affected by whether and cannot be done during cloudy or rainy days and at night. Therefore, another source of energy is needed to act as a back up (Boxwell 60).Advertising Looking for essay on environmental studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Wind Power On the other hand, wind energy is also another source of energy that can replace fossil fuel. Wind energy does not emit green house gases which are dangerous to the environment. Furthermore, no fossil fuels are burnt to produce wind energy thus it does not pollute the environment (Miller and Scott 407). Besides, extraction of wind energy is more efficient given the advancement in technology. The turbines used to produce wind powe r only occupy little space at the base leaving room for other activities to be done on the ground. Moreover, wind energy is highly applicable in under developed parts of a country and can add to the tax base of the area. In addition, renewable sources of energy, wind being among them, require minimal subsidies to maintain. On the same note, the cost of producing wind power is constant and therefore prices for wind power do not fluctuate. Most importantly, wind is free and thus cost of producing wind power is low in the long run (Miller and Scott 407). It is crucial, however, to highlight that wind power has its share of disadvantages. Firstly, wind power depends on the flow of wind. On the days when the weather is calm wind power might not be generated. On the same note, the initial cost of producing wind power is quite high and individuals may not afford it (Miller and Scott 408). Lastly, power produced by the turbines is insufficient compared to power produced by fossil fuels. Cou rse of Action Despite the disadvantages of wind and solar power, their advantages are definitely more. They are renewable and therefore they will never get depleted. Sooner or later the government will have to find alternative ways of producing power. Consequently, it is high time that the government increased its financial support in the production of the two types of power (Miller and Scott 407). Reduction of restrictions is necessary but it might not be sufficient given the heavy initial cost. Similarly, renewable sources of energy, especially wind and solar power, are both economically and environmentally viable in the long run hence the need to invest in them. Conclusion The fact that the country currently satisfies most of its energy requirements should not blind our eyes. We will need to think of how we will operate in future. The fossil fuel that forms the giant part of energy source will definitely be exhausted with time.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Alternative Sources of Energy specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More It will be a great disservice to the future generations if we do not find sustainable energy sources. Consequently, the government has no option but to encourage the production wind and solar energy. Works Cited Boxwell, Michael. Solar Electricity Handbook: A simple. Practical Guide to Solar Energy-Designing and Installing Photovoltaic Solar Electric Systems. Warwickshire: Greenstream Publishing, 2010. Print. Miller, Tyler G. and Scott Spoolman. Living in the Environment: Principles, Connections, and Solutions. Stanford: Cengage Learning, 2011. Print. This essay on Alternative Sources of Energy was written and submitted by user Janiyah Kerr to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

CRM essays

CRM essays Most companies believe that they are doing a good job of keeping their customers satisfied... because they don't get complaints. The issue though, is that there is no effective way to allow the customer to express their frustration or the occasional complement. I have found that companies don't want to take the time to listen to the complaint and understand what the underlying reason is for the complaint. In some of the research that I have done on Customer Complaint Management, the primary objective is to get the customer off the phone. In call centre performance measurements, the focus is on Average Speed to Answer (ASA) and Talk Time (or Handle Time). Very little time is spent on root cause analysis... finding out why the customer complained in the first place. Let's take a look at some reasons why unhappy or dissatisfied customers don't complain. They don't because it's not worth their time or trouble, it won't do any good, they don't know who to complain to or they fear retribution! To this point, here are some of the reasons why customers "quit"... 68% Because of an attitude of indifference to them by service personnel Keeping customers can be easy if we treat them with courtesy, efficiency and with genuine interest! Here's another interesting tidbit of information. Research finds that customers who do complain, have a desire to maintain their relationship with the supplier or service provider, as long as they feel they are being heard and that the problem will be resolved to their satisfaction! Isn't it time that we took the customer seriously? After all, they are the reason were in business! We live in an age of choice. Building loyalty is extremely difficult, even we do it right. Customers are enticed by the attraction of something better so we need to pay attention to them. We need to listen and ...

Profitability, ROCE, Gross profit margin,Operating margin, Net profit Assignment

Profitability, ROCE, Gross profit margin,Operating margin, Net profit of British airways and Lufthansa - Assignment Example Therefore, return on capital employed ratio indicates the return generated by every investment made as capital employed. Concerning British airways, in 2012 and 2013, ROCE was 1.31% and 3.95% respectively. This means that in the year 2012, 1.31% of the company’s net profit was generated by the company’s capital employed. However, the company’s ROCE increased to 3.95 % in the year 2013 due to an increase in the net profit by  £ 197 million. ROCE can be used to determine the viability of a project. In order to maintain a higher level of ROCE, the company should improve its cost reduction strategies to increase the level of net profit. Comparatively, Lufthansa airways’ ROCE in the year 2012 and 2013 was 6.6% and 1.8 % respectively. The decrease in Lufthansa’s ROCE between the two years is attributed to a sharp decrease in the company’s net profit. this sharp decrease was caused by an increase in the operating activities. Therefore, in the year 2013, British airways had a higher ROCE than Lufthansa airways for the reason that Lufthansa airways had a higher proportion of net assets to net profit. Consequently, British airways’s net assets generated more returns than Lufthansa’s (Duncan 2009, pp. 42-44). Gross profit margin – the ratio indicates a company’s financial health after meeting the cost of sales. It also indicates the company’s ability to pay for future operating costs. Concerning British airways, the ratio for 2012 and 2013 are 95.8% and 96.2% respectively. This means that in the year 2013, 96.2 % of the total revenue were gross profit, whereas, the remaining 3.8% of sales were consumed by costs related to sales. The ratio increased compared to that of the previous year. The increase is attributed to a more than proportionate increase in the gross profit. From this analysis, it can be concluded that British airway’s level of production efficiency is high due to the effective management of cost related to sales. Comparatively, the

Moral Philosophy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Moral Philosophy - Essay Example Brock sees no difference between theses two, and I would say I have to agree. Does it really matter who is doing the killing if in fact there is killing taking place Either way the outcome is the same, I don't think it really matters who is holding the needle or who is administering the dosage. There is plenty of relevance in this debate as well to the other debate over the distinction between killing and letting die. Is there really a difference between killing somebody or simply standing by and watching or letting them die I like to think it depend on the scenario, for if you try to help them out then you are really not letting them die so to speak. But people will often try to use their belief that there is a distinction between them to try to work against the legislation of these types of programs. People will use the argument that there is a huge difference between them and that killing somebody is ethically wrong compared to letting their natural time come and letting them die. They will try to use this to block any measures to give people the choice of these types of death methods, and there may be some merit in their ideas. On t

Planning and the Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Planning and the Law - Essay Example From the research it can be comprehended that development of architectural planning and legal control on building construction in England has a long history which dates back to around 1180s. This history has generated accounts of interest for building enthusiasts. The legal control on building construction began in the English capital London which was densely populated. The buildings in the city were densely packed creating so many problems in the city and could only be solved communally. Houses could be built with thin party walls and poorly sited privies as well as gutters which could cause nuisances to the neighbors. In addition, there were complaints from the residents that one house could block light from the other. For this reasons, the authorities decided to set up building regulations that could give guidelines on building construction this was as early as 1189. During this medieval time, the greatest risk was fire outbreaks. In 1212, there was a devastating fire which huge d estruction in the city, the mayor of the city could regularly received complaints about building nuisance by one neighbor against the other. The problem of country and town planning in England worsened during the profound revolution which the country went through during the nineteenth century. The revolution in England brought about enormous growth of the country’s population especially in the urban centers.... The influx of people in the industrial town was partly as a result of the decline in agricultural activities in the countryside especially after 1850. At the begging, the conditions around the newly founded industrial towns were very appealing. For this reason, houses as well as industries drastically sprung up and were built side by side and no efforts were made for purposes of zoning or planning so to speak. People had to live within their places of work and thus they build their houses around the industries. Worse still, nobody seemed to care about the standards of building construction or even sanitation of the area. The haphazard construction of the houses and industries encouraged the spread of various diseases causing devastating outbreaks of typhoid and cholera in the industrial towns. Following the cholera epidemics that lead to loss of many lives, several commissions were formed to inquire on the causes and to give possible recommendation. Several reports were published suc h as the report by the Poor Law Commissioners in 1838and the Royal commission on the Health of Towns in 1842. These publication and other led to the enactment of a couple of legislations by parliament related to building construction in the country. Even though these Acts covered limited scope, as well as effects, they were significant in laying the basis of enduring legislative restrictions on the freedom of those who owned land to construct buildings as the deemed fit. A General Board of Health was established under the Public Health Act of 1848. This board was charged with the responsibility of ensuring that both the existing and new buildings provided

NHS: History of, and Modern Day

NHS: History of, and Modern Day Introduction Early approaches to health in the UK generally saw it as the responsibility of the individual to seek and pay for health services. However, we can see the emergence of government involvement as early as the late 1700s as Britain was emerging as an industrialised nation. This new age of wealth brought about medical advances but symptomatic of the laissez-faire (leave alone) attitudes of the time, nothing much was done about public health until the Cholera outbreak of 1831 which made government intervention essential. It took the deaths of over 100,000 people in four cholera epidemics between 1831 and 1866 to get the British government to take action to improve public health in the cities. Social reformers began to survey the living conditions of the poor and 1842 Edwin Chadwick published his Report on the Sanitary Conditions of the Labouring Population of Great Britain which concluded that the life expectancy of people living in the cities was about half of that living in the countryside. This was due to various forms of epidemic and endemic as a result of mainly overcrowding and the lack of drainage, ventilation and proper cleansing. Change was slow as the report offended many influential groups including water companies, corporations and public figures and the government disassociated itself from the report. Initial public health acts failed, however, after the second outbreak of Cholera in 1848 the first Public Health Act was passed which allowed Councils to set up a local board of Health if 10% of the rate payers agreed. Further public health acts were passed in 1872 and 1875, the latter completely changing public health as it forced councils to take action which included providing clean drinking water and proper sanitation. This was when we saw a concerted effort by the government to intervene in public health. Early hospitals were part voluntary, where the standards varied, and there were Local Authority Hospitals, which were developed from the workhouses. There were also Teaching hospitals, which were the best, but these charged fees. Most of the population paid for care they needed, although some were covered by national insurance. The services did not include dental care, ophthalmic services or hearing aids, specialised treatments and did not cover non insured family members. In 1942 the British economist William Beveridge produced his Report on Social Insurance and Allied Service, later known as the Beveridge report. It listed five basic problems in public health: idleness, ignorance, disease, squalor and want and proposed a scheme to look after people from ‘the cradle to the grave. Later in 1948 we saw the beginning of full government responsibility in the form of the National Health Service Act when the people of Britain were provided with free diagnosis and treatment of illness, as well as dental and ophthalmic services. Formation of the modern NHS In 1980 the DHSS published the Black report which concluded that although overall health had improved since the introduction of the welfare state, there were widespread health inequalities. It also found that the main cause of these inequalities was poverty and it stated that the death rate for men in social class V was twice that for men in social class I and that gap between the two was increasing. This report led to an assessment by the World Health Organization of health inequalities in 13 countries. The situation did not improve and in 1992 the government published the Health of a Nation, which listed numerous targets to improve public health. Approaches under the Conservative and New Labour governments saw an attempt to shift responsibility away from the state back towards the individual. Margaret Thatcher was unsure how to tackle the NHS in the 1980s, as it was so popular with the public, but eventually decided to follow her principles that she had followed on other policies, that of internal competition. The NHS was in real crisis at the time and it was felt by many that it had created aculture of dependency. The government wanted to transfer the emphasis from ‘dependence to ‘independence, by ending the benefit culture. The government believed that the NHS should be for the poorest and they actively encouraged the public to make their own provision with regards to their own health and insurance, either through company or private cover. These right wing think tank policies continue with the new Labour government in 1997 and this set about to fragment the NHS with autonomous foundation trusts. Tony Blair did not want to dissolve Conservative reforms and was attracted to use incentives to kick start the modernisation of the HNS. He was determined to boost spending to the EU average and opposed to traditional socialist values, he believed that reform needed to be in partnership with the private or voluntary sector. Waiting times were not falling and he wanted the patient to have a choice of which hospital or which doctor to treat them under patient controlled care. He states ‘I need to know how to increase the role of the private sector in health (Seldon: p44). Against much hostility within the Labour Party on 19 November 2003, the bill was passed for the formation of self funding Foundation Hospitals. These hospitals are independent legal entities which can opt out of government guidelines. Critics argue that the top hospitals are attracting investment and more money, therefore creating a two tier system. Structure of the NHS in England http://t3.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:QzBfNynbBC8w8M:http://www.hygicare.co.uk/images/hygi/clients/nhs_logos200x200.gif The NHS is divided into two separate sections. The first is primary care which is initially the first point of contact for most patients. The services are delivered by a large range of independent health care professionals such as GPs, dentists, pharmacists optometrists and podiatrists. Secondary care can be either elective care or emergency care. Elective care is generally specialist medical care or surgery, typically following a referral from a primary health care professional such as a GP. There are also tertiary care services which offer specialist care, such as hospitals for sick children. The Department of Health is responsible for running the NHS, public health and social care in England. This organisation provides organised direction, secures resources as well as setting national minimum service standards. The NHS Executive is part of the Department of Health with offices in Leeds and London and eight regions across the country. It supports Ministers and provides leadership and a range of management functions to the NHS, while the regional offices make sure national policy is developed in their own areas. In October 2002, 28 Strategic Health Authorities were created to manage the NHS at local level and act as a link back to the Department of Health. The role of the SHA is to support the local health service in improving performance, integrating national priorities into local health plans as well as resolving any conflicts between local NHS organisations. SHAs also monitor the performance of Primary Care Trusts and ensure that they meet their specific targets. The number of SHA was reduced in 2006 to 10 in order to provide a better service. There are 147 Primary Care Trusts in England, each charged with planning, securing and improving primary and community health services in their local area. They work strongly with patients, the public, GP practices to deliver these healthcare services. PCTs are allocated 75% of the NHS budget to fund services and are accountable to their local SHA. Primary Care Groups are there to improve the health of the population and they bring together GPs, community nurses, managers, social services, local communities, Health Authorities in partnership to improve services and the health of their community. NHS Trusts employ the majority of the workforce in the health service. Most of their income is generated from Primary Care Trusts and are mainly self governing, but accountable to SHA. They have to deliver results and if they dont their agreements can be withdrawn. The main types of trust are as follows. 1. Acute Trusts There are 168 acute trusts and they manage hospitals to make sure there is quality health care. They employ the vast majority of the NHS workforce. 2. Care Trusts These Trusts are organisations that work in both health and social care. They are set up between local authorities to enable close integration and benefit the local community. They usually concentrate on specialist mental health and older peoples services 3. Mental Health Trusts There are 60 Mental Health Trusts in England which provide specialist mental health services in hospitals and the local community. 4. Ambulance Trusts There are 12 Ambulance Trusts in England providing patients with emergency access to health care. 5. Childrens Trusts These are run by the local government and offer an integrated service for children. 6. Foundation Trusts There are currently 122 Foundation Trusts which are non-profit making organisation owned by members of the local community. These Trusts remain within the NHS and its performance inspection system. One significant change was in 2003 when The Commission for Patient and Public Involvement in Health (CPPIH) was set up. This is an independent body which collects information from the public so that they can be involved in health care. It represents public views on healthcare matters and provides advice and support to patients wanting to make a complaint about NHS Services. Private Health Care In an affluent society like Britain with an individualist culture, there has been increasing private health care in the UK since the 1980s when the conservative government introduced ‘market orientation in which there was compulsory tendering for ancillary services such as catering and laundry. By 1985 private contractors undertook 40% of all ancillary services. Private health care has been actively encouraged by the government to ease the burden of the NHS and although there has been substantial expansion, it only accounted for 18% of the total spending on health care in 2005. Around three quarters of those using private health care pay for it by health insurance, usually by their employers. The amount of people with private insurance has increase from 2.1 million in 1971 to 7 million by 2003. Some sorts of treatments like cosmetic surgery are only available through private medicine and there is also a tendency for people to make one off visits for minor operations to avoid lo ng waiting times with the NHS. Patients generally get better treatment for private health care and competition between companies improves the all round service. One of the major downsides is that more affluent areas attract better hospitals and services and it the lower social groups that require more health care. People that do not have the expertise about health sometimes may be persuaded under private health care to undergo operation they do not necessarily need. The private sector is made up of different types of company, the largest ones being PLCs, companies like BUPA which carry out approximately 850,000 operations each year. Another sector is smaller private limited companies and organisations such as Podiatrists and Physiotherapists. Voluntary, alternative and complementary medicine There has been a growing popularity of alternative therapies to challenge medical pre-eminence and is estimated that a fifth of the population has used some form of alternative medicine. These include professionally organised therapies such as acupuncture and chiropractic, complementary therapies such as aromatherapy and hypnotherapy and alternative disciplines such as kinesiology and radionics. Voluntary services are those which are considered not profit making and are registered charities i.e Age Concern and Mencap. They do not cover all localities and only a few are involved in the direct provision of health care. Relationship between the different types of health care Private health care often fails to care for those who need it the most, the poor and the elderly and private health care systems which are in competition with each other tend to be less efficient than the NHS. In 2002 the new labour government continued to use the private sector in conjunction with the NHS services to expand capacity, increase access and promote diversity in the provision and choice of health services (Department of Health, 2002). The NHS has pay beds which are rented out to the private sector, although these often cost more to service than the money they raise. While most patients seek conventional medicine and receive treatment from the NHS, some alternative medicine has been recognised by the medical profession. These services have been incorporated into medical practices and treatments such as osteopathy and acupuncture are now available to NHS patients. Voluntary groups contribute to care in the community and can make improvements to peoples lives, yet the ‘mixed economy of health care and the boundaries of responsibility are not always clear. Conclusion Originally the HNS was set up to be free at the point of entry and it has stayed largely unchanged for over 30 years. Since the 1980s ‘internal market, changes have taken place and new labours reforms set up Foundation Hospitals and actively encouraged the private sector. In the future there will be undoubtedly further expansion of primary and preventative health care and more commercial involvement and expansion of the private sector. References: Childs, D. (2006) Britain since 1945, 5th Edn, Routledge: Oxford. Giddens, A. (2006) Sociology, 5th Edn, Polity Press: Cambridge. History and Policy, (2009), [Online], Available at: http://www.historyandpolicy.org/papers/policy-paper-14.html (Accessed 19 Nov 2009). Marrie Barrie, A., and Yuill, C. (2008) Understanding the Sociology of Health, an introduction, 2nd Edn, Sage: London Nettleton, S. (2008) The Sociology of Health and Illness, 2nd Edn, Polity Press: Cambridge. NHS (2009) [Online] Available at: http://www.nhs.uk/NHSEngland/aboutnhs/Pages/Authoritiesandtrusts.aspx (Accessed 22 Nov 2009). Science Museum. (2009), [Online], Available at: http://www.sciencemuseum.org.uk/broughttolife/themes/publichealth.aspx. (Accessed 17 Nov 2009). Seldon, A. (2007) Blair Unbound, Simon and Schuster: London. Skyminds. (2009), [Online], Available at: http://www.skyminds.net/politics/inequalities-in-great-britain-in-the-19th-and-20th-centuries/the-thatcher-years-the-individual-and-society/ (Accessed 17 Nov 2009). Taylor, T., and Field, F. (2003) Sociology of Health and Health Care, 4th Edn, Blackwell Publishing: Oxford.

Autobiography :: Autobiography Personal Narrative

Part 1: Family Background I was raised by both my parents while growing up. My parents barely finished high school and never went to college so they were not the type of parents who pushed college careers nor did they have any sort of college fund set aside for us. They always helped with homework but never pushed us to do better. Now that they see my accomplishments from attending college they are very proud of me and supportive for me to finish. My mom even went back to college after seeing me and my sister do it, and she got an accounting degree at the age of 40. My parents came from poor families and not many college graduates. We often had no spending money or even good running vehicles but they always gave us love and we were happy with all of the small things we had. My parents used the permissive parenting style, at least for me and my sister; they never really used any type of punishments. They would tell us we were grounded from something but the next day we would be doing the things we wer e grounded from. We were always nurtured and my parents were easy to talk to. My dad taught us many things from riding a bike to driving a car; he never gave up on us and always gave words of wisdom. There were times when were yelled at and even spanked a few times, but the good times always overcame those bad. I have 3 sisters and 1 brother who are all younger than me. Being the oldest of 5 children had its good and bad occasions. Since I was the oldest I always was given first option on things like movies, where to eat and who got to play with what toys. I was also faced with a lot of responsibility being the oldest, I was expected to watch the other kids a lot to make sure they did not get hurt. Some days I felt more like a mother than a child but they looked up to me and listened to me so I felt good. To this day I still look after them and make sure they are doing the right things and doing well in school. I think that the "birth order" material is pretty close to des cribing all of us. Autobiography :: Autobiography Personal Narrative Part 1: Family Background I was raised by both my parents while growing up. My parents barely finished high school and never went to college so they were not the type of parents who pushed college careers nor did they have any sort of college fund set aside for us. They always helped with homework but never pushed us to do better. Now that they see my accomplishments from attending college they are very proud of me and supportive for me to finish. My mom even went back to college after seeing me and my sister do it, and she got an accounting degree at the age of 40. My parents came from poor families and not many college graduates. We often had no spending money or even good running vehicles but they always gave us love and we were happy with all of the small things we had. My parents used the permissive parenting style, at least for me and my sister; they never really used any type of punishments. They would tell us we were grounded from something but the next day we would be doing the things we wer e grounded from. We were always nurtured and my parents were easy to talk to. My dad taught us many things from riding a bike to driving a car; he never gave up on us and always gave words of wisdom. There were times when were yelled at and even spanked a few times, but the good times always overcame those bad. I have 3 sisters and 1 brother who are all younger than me. Being the oldest of 5 children had its good and bad occasions. Since I was the oldest I always was given first option on things like movies, where to eat and who got to play with what toys. I was also faced with a lot of responsibility being the oldest, I was expected to watch the other kids a lot to make sure they did not get hurt. Some days I felt more like a mother than a child but they looked up to me and listened to me so I felt good. To this day I still look after them and make sure they are doing the right things and doing well in school. I think that the "birth order" material is pretty close to des cribing all of us.